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Ʃf.3|x U\  `&Times New Roman ' ' Jeff0Jeff .   (9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular !USUS.,  _!XXXX  !X!X_Davidic_Ԁand_Solomonic_ԀBazaars,Barracks,Stables,Warehouses,TollStations,  TripartitePillaredBuildings,or_Entrep=ts_Ԁ...Whatever: 8 BeyondtheStructuresThemselves   byJeffreyA.Blakely H  INTRODUCTION h       Thefirsttripartitepillaredbuildings(henceforth_TPBs_)wereexcavatedbyF.J.Blissinthecourseofhis  H  pioneeringstratigraphicexcavationatTellel_Hesi_ԀinNovember1891.Blissdidnotknowwhattheywere;he   calledthema#!O#(Ԁ fascinatingstructureofparallelwallsandstones.Blissspeculatedthatitmighthavebeena h   bazaarwithstreetsbetweenthelinesofchambers(1892:100;1894:95)orassomeunnamedpersonsuggestedto   Bliss, thebuildingscontainedbarracksforsoldiers(1892:100;1894:96;_Matthers_Ԁ1989:53).Blissdatedthis 8  fascinatingstructuretohisCityV,whatwewouldcall,ingeneralterms#(#(,theIronAge.#( #!Thestructuredidnot  attractmuchattentionforsomeyearsthereafter. X #!]#(  Clearlythemostfamousexamplesarethoseexcavatedat_Megiddo_Ԁ(Guy,1931:3744;_Lamon_Ԁand 8 _Shipton_Ԁ1939:3247),someofwhichweresoondubbedSolomonsstables.#(#!Theseexamplesinitiatedadebateover x theexactdatingofthesestructures(i.e.,cantheybe_Solomonic_?),andtheirfunction(i.e.,aretheyreallystables?). X Ifonelooksatthislivelydiscussion,itsoonbecomesapparentthatthedebatecenteredonthephysicalcharacterof   thestructuresthemselves(e.g.,inEnglish,_Pritchard_Ԁ1970;_Yadin_Ԁ1976;Herzog1973,1992:22328;_Holladay_ (x" 1986;Herr1988;_Currid_Ԁ1992;_Kochavi_Ԁ19898a,1998b,1999).Rarelydidquestionsconcerningthelocationsand  $ characterofthesitesthatcontainedthesestructuresgetexamined(see,however,_Holladay_Ԁ1997a). H"&   Inalmostanystudyof_TPBs_,theyareviewedasgovernmental(orbarelypossiblyprivateeconomic) #(( structuresinsomesense:bazaars,barracks,stables,warehouses,or_entrep=ts_#!z#!.Tofindsuchstructuresatports, h% * alonginternationaltraderoutes,capitalcities,andregionalmilitaryandeconomiccentersthenisnotsurprising. &H", Tosuchalist,therefore,findingsuchstructuresatTellel_Hesi_Ԁseemsanomalous.Thisiscertainlyaminorsite. (#. IfonecansuggestareasonfortheirpresenceatTellel_Hesi_,mighttheirfunctionatothersitesbeclarified? *h%0   BLISSSCITYVATTELLEL_HESI_ +&2   Tellel_Hesi_Ԁ(10631245)islocatedinanarearoughlywherethecoastalplain,the_Shephelah_,andthe 8-(4 Negevruntogether,about26kmENEofGaza,53kmWofHebron,andabout11kmWSWofancient_Lachish_,or  about8kmSWofmodern_Qiryat_Ԁ_Gat_.BlisssexcavationofhisCitiesIV,V,andVIin1891and1892hasbeen @ augmentedthroughtheworkoftheJointExpeditiontoTellel_Hesi_,whichexcavatedatthesitefrom1970through   1983.ItisnowclearthattheredefinedStratumXisBlisssCityIVandthatthisLateBronzeAgelevelwas `  destroyedandabandoned,probablyinthemiddleofthe12thcenturyB.C.E.(Blakely2000).Theredefined  @ StratumIXisCityV.Thesitesmassivefortress,nowcalledStratumVIII,isCityVI.Thisstructureprobably    datestotheearly9thcenturyB.C.E.andmustbeviewedasasatellitesiteof_Judahite_Ԁ_Lachish_Ԁ(BlakelyandHorton `  2001).BlisssCityV,orStratumIX,#! #!Ԁissandwichedinbetween,sittingdirectlybelowpartofthefortification   systemofStratumVIII/CityVI. 0    BlisssCityVmustdate,therefore,somewheretotheperiodmid12thtoearly9thcenturiesB.C.E.  UnfortunatelyinthepartofthesiteexcavatedbytheJointExpeditionthisstratumhadbeentotallyremovedbythe P buildersofStratumVIII.Fortunately,greatquantitiesof10thcenturypottery,formsearlierindatethanthose 0 foundonthefloorsofStratumVIII,arefoundinresidualcontextsaboutthesite.Ontheotherhand,onlyascant p few11thcenturyformsorPhilistinepotteryofanydatearefoundatthesite.ThusitwouldseemthatBlisssCity P Vmustdate,inlargepart,tothe10thcenturyB.C.E.(BlakelyandHorton2001).    Basedlargelyonthecontinuousnatureofthematerialcultureremainsatthesiteandtheidentificationof  p StratumVIII/CityVIas_Judahite_,BlakelyandHorton(2001)suggestedthatthesitewas_Judahite_Ԁthroughoutthe   10ththroughmid8thcenturiesB.C.E.#!#!ԀIn1971Wrightsuggestedthat_Hesi_Ԁaswellassomeofitsneighboringsites @" wereborderfortsandfortressesofJudah.TheanalysisofBlakelyandHortontendstosupportthisviewwhenone  $ recognizesthatnofortificationssimilarto_Hesi_ԀVIIIandnositeswith10ththrough8thcenturies_Judahite_Ԁ(as `"& opposedtoPhilistine)potteryareknownimmediatelytothenorth,west,orsouthof_Hesi_. #@(   If,asBlakelyandHortonassume,thesiteis_Judahite_Ԁinthe10ththrough8thcenturies#!%#,whywasthesiteof % * _Hesi_Ԁbuiltwhereitis?Thatanswerisprobablytwofold.First,thesitehasanaturalsourceoffreshwater,_Ayun_ '`", _Hesi_,whichpoolsatthebaseofthesiteinanotherwisebarren_loessal_Ԁplain.Secondly,andprobablyequally (#. important,_Hesi_ԀseemstohavebeenlocatedonthemainroadleadingfromGazatoHebron.Thisroadhasreceived 0*%0 littleattention,butitwascertainlyactivefromtheRoman/ByzantinePeriodthroughthe19thcentury(e.g.,_Lecker_ +'2 1989;_Hartmann_Ԁ1916:488;_Fabri_Ԁ1893:42228;_Poujoulat_Ԁ1841:24344),andsinceitservedthevitalfunctionof P-(4 connectingGazaandHebron,onemustassumethatitwassignificantinallperiodsinwhichthesetwocitieswere  prominent,unlesstherewasacompellingreasonfortheroadnottobethere.Thus,freshwaterandapositionona @ majorroadprobablyexplainthelocationof_Hesi_.WhataboutBlisssCityV,specifically?Takencollectively,this   suggeststhat_Hesi_Ԁservedsome_Judahite_Ԁborderfunctioninthe10thcenturyB.C.E. `    _KOCHAVI_SMAPAND_SERIATING_Ԁ10thCENTURY_TPBs_  @ $  In1998and1999Moshe_Kochavi_Ԁpublishedaseriesofarticlesthatdealtwith_TPBs_Ԁandtheirdistribution.    _Kochavi_Ԁdivided_TPBs_Ԁintothreebasicgroups,early(11thand10thcenturiesB.C.E.),late(9thecentury_BCE_Ԁand `  later),and_TPBs_Ԁofunknowndate(1998a:471andfig.8;1998b:fig.2)andthenhemappedthem._Kochavi_   included_Hesi_s_TPBs_Ԁintheunknowndategroup,butasjustsuggested,BlakelyandHortonarguedthatBlisss 0  CityVwas10thcenturyandthatitwaslocatedontheGazaHebronroad,notaninnercoastalroadas_Kochavi_  suggested.WhenBlakelyandHortonmadethesechangesandexamined_Kochavi_smap,theysawthattheearlier P 11thand10thcenturiesB.C.E._TPBs_Ԁformedtheperimeterofapolygon,andtheythensuggested!thatthese 0 buildingsmusthavebeenoperatedbythepoliticalgrouplocated withinthiscircleofsitesandnotbythevarious p politiesoutsidethecircle(BlakelyandHorton2001:9)#!*#.Ifthiswastrue,thenthesitesmustservedsomemilitary, P political,oreconomicfunctionona politicalborder.    Fromtheoutsettherehavebeensomeinterpretiveissuesapparentconcerning_Kochavi_sdatingofvarious  p ofthesestructures(1998a,1998b)aswellaswiththelargerpictureasitwassuggestedbyBlakelyandHorton   (2001)andlaterBlakely(2002)whosuggestedthatthe10thcenturyexampleswerelocatedalongtraderoutesatthe @" bordersoftheUnitedKingdom/MonarchyofDavidandSolomonwiththeirneighbors.Someoftheseissueswill  $ beidentifiedinthefollowingparagraphs. `"&   Tel_Hadar_,_Kochavi_sownsite,illustratesasignificantquestionrelatingtoitsdateofdestruction. #@( _Kochavi_Ԁsuggestedabout1000_B.C.E_Ԁin1998(bothaandb)and1999,butmorerecentlyadateaslateas980 % * B.C.E.hasbeensuggestedinthefinalreportofthiswork(Beckand_Yadin_,forthcoming).Eventhatis '`", questionable.Adateinthe10thcenturyseeminglyiswarranted,butisitearly,lateorinthemiddle.AProto (#. Geometricbowl_krater_Ԁfoundinthedestructionofits_TPB_Ԁisdatedtoabout900_B.C.E_ԀinthetraditionalGreek 0*%0 chronology,adateacenturyofffromhow_Kochavi_,Beck,and_Yadin_Ԁdatethelocalpottery(_Kopcke_Ԁ2002).To +'2 muddythewatersfurther,howmuchbeforethedestructiondidthisbowl_krater_Ԁarriveatthesite,aday,orayear, P-(4 orafewdecades?Wasthebowl_krater_Ԁnewwhenitarrivedatthesite?DoeseithertheGreekorthePalestinian  chronologyhavetobealtered,andbyhowmuch?Whataretheimplications(_Kopcke_Ԁ2002,forthcoming; @ _Fantalkin_,2001)?Didthedestructionoccurunder_Geshurite_ԀcontrolorIsraelite?Therearemanyquestionshere.   Fornowageneral10thcenturydateremainsreasonable. `    Recently,_Bunimovitz_Ԁand_Lederman_Ԁ(1997:48,75)havesuggestedthatthe_TPB_ԀatBeth_Shemesh_Ԁdates  @ tothemid10thcentury,too,nottheindefinite10th7thcenturiesas_Kochavi_Ԁaccepted(1998a:471,fig.8;1998b:    fig.2)._Finkelstein_Ԁhasdismissedthisdatingofthesite(2002:12122),butuntilamorethoroughpublicationof `  thefindsandstratigraphyappears,nodefinitivechronologicalstatementsshouldbemade.Thesuggestionof   _Bunimovitz_Ԁand_Lederman_Ԁiscertainlytantalizing.Giventhecontextofthis_TPB_Ԁasdescribedby_Bunimovitz_Ԁand 0  _Lederman_Ԁandmoreorlessagreedtoby_Finkelstein_,itwouldseemthatitshoulddatenolaterthanthe9thcentury.    Whatabouttheprobable_TPB_ԀatTell_Taanach_Ԁ(_Sellin_Ԁ1904:104;Guy,1931:XXX;_Currid_Ԁ1992:56,61 P n.11)?Thiswasnotevenmentionedby_Kochavi_,butthefragmentaryevidencepublishedby_Sellin_Ԁanddescribed 0 byGuysuggeststhatatleastone_TPB_Ԁwaspresentat_Taanach_._Rast_sstudyoftheIronAgeceramicsdescribes p PeriodsIIIthroughVasfragmentary,havingbeenpittedoutinthePersianandArabperiod(1978:4145).This P suggeststhatastructureexcavatedby_Sellin_ԀandstillextantwhenGuyvisitedthesitemustpredatePeriodIII.  PeriodIIwouldseemtobepreferredtoPeriodIgivenitssuggestedlate11thand10thcenturydatetothe12th  p centurydateoftheearlierstratum(datesbasedon_Rast_Ԁ1978:36).Itisspeculative,butifthisisinfacta_TPB_,   thena10thcenturydateseemsmostlikely. @"   _Kochavi_Ԁ(1998a,1998b)acceptedan11thcenturydateforTel_Masos_ԀbasedonthefinalreportsofFritzand  $ _Kempinski_Ԁ(1983).Thismade_Masos_Ԁoneoftheearliestsitestohavea_TPB_.Basedonhisstudyofredslippedand `"& resslippedburnishedpottery(_Holladay_Ԁ1990),_Holladay_Ԁhassuggestadateinthe10thcenturyforthe_TPB_Ԁat_Masos_ #@( (_Holladay_Ԁ1990:63;1997b:38384,figs.1415;2001:178n.55).Anonspecific10thcenturydateseems % * appropriate. '`",   Thelastthingthisauthorwantstodoistostepintothestratigraphicquagmireknownas_Megiddo_. (#. FollowingDavies(1988),itseemsclearthatthereareatleasttwophasesof_TPBs_Ԁat_Megiddo_Ԁwiththecommonly 0*%0 recognizedonesbeingthelaterphase/stratum.Ifthelatterandwellknownexamplesare9thand8thcenturiesas +'2 mostaccept,thenonecanatleasthypothesizethattheearlieronesare10thcentury. P-(4   Finally,Tell_Qasile_.Understandingthepresenceofthe_TPB_ԀinStratumXatTell_Qasile_Ԁhasbeen  problematicsincethiswasthesolesiteonwhich_TPBs_ԀarefoundthatmostwouldcallobviouslyPhilistine(most @ recently,_Mazar_Ԁ1997:374,andreferencesthere).Basedonentirelydifferentarguments,_Halpern_Ԁhasrecently   suggestedthatthisparticularstratumrepresentstheoneperiodof_Davidic_/_Solomonic_Ԁcontrolofthesite(_Halpern_ `  2001:374).Thisisaninterestingconfluenceofideasandisacceptedfortheargumentsmadehere.  @   Couplingtheworkof_Kochavi_Ԁ(1998a,1998b,1999)withBlakelyandHorton(2001),Blakelyproduceda    synthesisdescribingthelate11thand10thcentury_TPBs_Ԁ(2002).Thesummaryexaminationofsomeofthesitesjust `  completed,suggeststhatthissynthesis,too,canbeupdated.UpdatingBlakely(2002:50),thesestructurearebuilt   onthetraderoutesastheyenter/leavethecircleofsites.StartingwithTel_Hadar_Ԁandmovingclockwise,theyare 0  builtatTel_Hadar_ԀwherethetraderoutesfromDamascusandMesopotamiaenterIsrael,atTel_Masos_Ԁ(andits  successorTel_Malhata_Ԁifitislater10thcenturyB.C.E.)wheretheincenseroutefromSouthArabiaentersJudah,at P Tellel_Hesi_ԀwheretheroadfromGazaentersJudah,atTellBeth_Shemesh_Ԁwherethe_Sorek_Ԁvalleyroadenters 0 Judahfrom_Philisitia_ԀleadingtoJerusalem,atTel_Qasile_ԀwheretheVia_Maris_ԀentersIsraelfromthesouth,andTell p Abu_Hawam_ԀwheretheVia_Maris_ԀentersIsraelfromthenorthifonefollowsthecoast,at_Megiddo_ԀwheretheVia P _Maris_ԀenteredIsraelfromthenorthifonecrossethe_Megiddo_Ԁpass,andprobablyat_Taanach_Ԁwhereasecondary  roadcrossestheCarmelrangeasoneentersIsraelfromthenorth.  p    `     h   IKINGS4:719     Blakely(2002:5053)notedthatthemapjustdescribedbylinking10thcentury_TPBs_Ԁlooksalotlikethe @" mapcreatedbyplottingSolomonsadministrativedistrictsasdescribedbyIKing4:719(see,e.g.,_Aharoni_Ԁand  $ others2002:8686Map113)plusJudah.Ifthemapsoflikely10thcentury_TPBs_ԀandthemapcreatedbyIKings `"& 4:1719plusJudaharemapsofthesamepoliticalentity,thenmarginalsupportisgiventothetothepolitical #@( attributionofTell_Qasile_ԀX,aswellasTellAbu_Hawam_Ԁ(whichwasnotdiscussed,butsee,e.g.,_Holladay_Ԁ1986: % * 111),asbeingIsraelite.Inaddition,marginalsupportisgiventothechronologicalattributesofthesesites. '`",   Totheunderstandingofthisauthor,atnoothertimeintheIronAgewastheconfigurationofacombined (#. IsraelandJudahshapedthepolitydescribedhere,wheneverthatmightbe.Thissuggestsaonetoonelinkingof 0*%0 thepolitydefinedbythe10thcentury_TPBs_ԀwiththemapcreatedbyIKings4:719plusJudah. +'2   Thedatesusedinthispaperhavefollowedthegenerallyacceptedceramicchronology.Iftheargument P-(4 madeinthepreviousparagraphistrue,thenIKings4:719cannotbeviewedasalaterconstructprojectedbackin  time.Thegenerallyaccepted10thcenturyisnowtiedtoIKings4:719andtoaunitedIsraelandJudah.Itwould @ seemveryhardtoreconcile#XX#XXthisevidencewiththelackofa_Judahite_Ԁstateinthe10thcentury(contra,e.g.,   _Finkelstein_Ԁand_Silberman_Ԁ2001:123250).If_Finkelstein_sceramicchronologyandhiscomparativestratigraphy `  arecorrect(2002andreferencesthere,esp._Mazar_Ԁ(1997)),thenhehascreatedaunitedIsraelandJudahinthe9th  @ century.IfIunderstand_Finkelstein_Ԁcorrectly,thatisnothisintention.      FUNCTION `  \Whatisclearisthattheyaregovernmentalbuildingsdesignedinsomemannertoprofitfromthetrade   routes,andtheyarelocatedatthepointswheretheseroutesenteracollectiveIsraelandJudah.None h  areknownfromtheInteriorofthiscircle.(Blakely2002:50) 0  %]  Interestingly,atthepresenttimeanyway,thisissueofhowthesestructuresmighthavefunctionedin  relationtointernationaltrade#XX Z#XXԀisthetopicaboutwhichthisauthorhasreceivedthemostcontactbasedonthe2002 P article.IfBeth_Shemesh_,_Megiddo_,and_Taanach_Ԁallhave10thcentury_TPBs_,thenIbelievethe profitfromthe 0 traderoutesargumentputforwardin2002isonlyenhanced.Thesearethreemoresites,allonknowntrade p routes,andtheyarealllocatedatbottlenecksalongtheborderofacollectiveIsrael/Judah. P   Whetheroneisclosertoidentifyingtheirspecificprimaryfunctionorfunctionsislessclear.Itiseasyto  envisionsthesebeingbazaars/warehouses/_entrep=ts_#XX~_#XXԀonaborderservingasdistributionpointstointernational  p commerce.Itiseasytoseethemasstablesontheborders,protectingtheroadsandensuringthatpropertollsare   paid.Itiseasytoseethemasthetollstationsthemselves,placedonroadsnearthebordersofIsrael/Judahwhere, @" ifpossible,topographicfeaturesconstrictmovement,facilitatingthecollectionoftollsandlimitingtollevaders.It  $ iseasytoseethemasacombinationofanyoftheforegoingfunctions.TowardssuchunderstandingsInotethe `"& worksofEph`al(1982)and_Holladay_Ԁ(1997b,2001)asprovidingfodderformuchthoughtonhowsuchtrade #@( systemsworked. % *   CONCLUSION '`", nf  Thispaperhasexamined_TPBs_,focusinginparticularonthosestructureswhichseemtobe10thcentury (#. andearlier.WhenthesestructuresaremappedtheseemstobelocatedalongthebordersofaunitedIsraeland 0*%0 Judahwherevertraderoutescrossthoseborders,butespeciallyattopographicbottlenecksthatmeetthesecriteria. +'2 SuchamapalsosharesgreatsimilaritieswiththemapofSolomonsadministrativedistrictsofIsraelasdescribed P-(4 byIKings4:719plusJudah.Collectivelythisistakentosuggestthatthesestructuresfunctionedaspartofthe  longdistancetrade/economicsystemofKingsDavidandSolomonthatsupportedtheUnitedKingdomsofIsrael @ andJudahthroughmuchofthe10thcentury.Theprecisefunctionsservedbythesestructuresremainsunclear.In   alllikelihooditwillbethestudyofthedynamicsofoverlandtradethatyieldsapreciseanswertothequestionof `  thefunctionservedbythesestructures.  @   BIBLIOGRAPHY `  Mk  _Aharoni_,Y.;Avi_Yonah_,M.;_Rainey_,A.F.;and_Safrai_,Z.,_eds_.   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